Part I

1. Z-Transform of Discrete-Time Systems

1.1. Introduction to Digital Control

1.2. Z-Transform

1.3. Solving Difference Equations Using the Z Transform

2. Obtaining the Transfer Function of a System

2.1. Diagram of a Discrete-Time Control System

2.2. Sampling and Hold Devices

2.3. Derivation of Equivalent Discrete-Time Transfer Functions

2.4. Sampling Theorem

3. Stability Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems

3.1. Stability, Jury Criterion

3.2. Root Locus in the z-Plane

3.3. Relationship Between the s-Plane and the z-Plane

3.4.  Analysis of System Response

4. Discretization of Continuous-Time Systems

4.1. Discretization of a Continuous-Time System

4.2. Equivalent Discrete-Time Transfer Function

4.3. Sampled Transfer Function of a Typical Control Loop

5. Discrete-Time PID Controllers

5.1. Design of Discrete-Time PID Controllers

5.2. Structure of a Practical Discrete-Time PID Controller

6. Controller Design by Direct Synthesis

6.1. Basic Concepts

6.2. Direct Synthesis Design

Part II

7. Modeling and Analysis of Systems in State Space

7.1. Introduction

7.2. State Concept

7.3. Conversion of an Ordinary Differential Equation into State Equations

7.4. Transformations Between Representations

8. Solution of the State Equation

8.1. Obtaining the Solution Using the Laplace Transform Method

8.2. Discretization of Continuous-Time State Equations

8.3. Solution of the Discrete-Time State Equation

9. State Feedback Control

9.1. Basic Concepts

9.2. State Feedback Control

10. State Observers

10.1. State Observer Design

10.2. Combined Behavior of the Closed-Loop System and the Observer

10.3. Reduced-Order Observer

Last modified: Monday, 24 August 2026, 12:56 PM